Accessory breasts, also known as polymastia, supernumerary breasts, or mammae erraticae, is the condition of having an additional breast. Extra breasts may appear with or without nipples or areolae.
A related condition, in which extra nipples form, is called "supernumerary nipple" or "polythelia".
Causes
It was once believed that polymastia results from the eruption of extra breasts along the milk line during embryonic development. However, this theory is not generally believed today and cannot account for the appearance of nipples that do not correspond to the milk line's pathway.[1] In unusual cases, extra breasts may appear on the buttock, the back of the neck, the face, the upper arm, the shoulder, the hip, or the back. In one case one developed on the underside of a woman's foot.[2] It has also been observed in the perineum.[3]
Polymastia is often associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract and with certain diseases.[4]
Presentation
In some cases, the accessory breast may not be visible at the surface. In these cases, it may be possible to distinguish their appearance from normal breast tissue with MRI.[5]
There is some evidence that the condition may be more common in a Native American population.[6]
Notable examples
Anne Boleyn, second wife to Henry VIII of England, and mother of Elizabeth I, may have had a third nipple or even a third breast.[7][8] (This may well have been a slanderous rumour, as in Tudor times these "malformations" were considered to be a sign of the owner being a witch. The circumstances of her marriage to the king, who had divorced his first wife, made her a controversial figure.)
Mythology
In mythology, attributes are exaggerated or multiplied to emphasize their efficacy. For example, Priapus has been depicted with an oversized penis, and Artemis of Ephesus has been portrayed as having tier upon tier of what may be breasts, as tradition has it, or sacrificed bull testes, as some newer scholars claim. Priapus' gigantic phallus underscores his virility and his fertility, while Artemis' tiers of breasts, if so they are, would highlight her ability to nurture.
In popular culture and fiction
Accessory breasts and supernumerary nipples have often been the subject of popular speculation and urban legend.citation needed The additional-breast motif has also been used in motion pictures, TV shows, novels and other works of fiction:
- (1974) In the James Bond film The Man With the Golden Gun, Francisco Scaramanga is famous for his superfluous nipple.
- (1978) In The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy novel series, Eccentrica Gallumbits, the Triple-Breasted Whore of Eroticon 6, is a frequently alluded-to character.
- (1982) The film The Sword and the Sorcerer features a dancer with two breasts in the normal positions and a third centered below them.
- (1983) A six-breasted dancer, Yarna d'al' Gargan, appears in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi.
- (c. 1983) In the Warhammer Fantasy and Warhammer 40,000 universes, daemonettes (female demons) of the god Slaanesh have six breasts: two pairs of smaller breasts below their "normal" breasts along the milk lines. Previous depictions of daemonettes have also featured three breasts.
- (1984) A similar fantasy filmic exotic dancer in The Warrior and the Sorceress has four breasts, two appearing below the regular pair.
- (1989) Star Trek V had also had a three-breasted cat-like exotic dancer.
- (1990) The movie Total Recall features a mutant prostitute with three side-by-side breasts (a likely homage to Eccentrica Gallumbits, above).
- (1998) In the video game Parasite Eve, the antagonist, Mitochondria Eve, is shown with multiple breasts at one point in the game.
- (2002) In the Adam Sandler movie Eight Crazy Nights, a woman has three breasts.
- The Simpsons' Krusty the Clown has a famous "superfluous nipple".
- Chandler Bing from Friends has a third nipple, which repulses a date (who, ironically, he was about to reject because she has a prosthetic leg). It is later removed, but he misses it.
- (2002) The song "Year 3000" by British band Busted (later covered by the Jonas Brothers) features the line "Triple-breasted women swim around totally naked."
- (2007) In Good Luck Chuck the woman that Stu marries has three breasts.
- (2008) The novel Death's Head: Maximum Offense features a woman with four breasts
- (2008) The forum 'Punters Lounge' refers to the rubbing of ones face on such a deformity
References
- ^ "Medscape". Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
- ^ Conde, Délio Marques; Eiji Kashimoto, Renato Zocchio Torresan, Marcelo Alvarenga. "Pseudomamma on the foot: An unusual presentation of supernumerary breast tissue". Dermatology Online Journal 12 (4): 7.
- ^ Basu S, Bag T, Saha KS, Biswas PC (2003). "Accessory breast in the perineum". Trop Doct 33 (4): 245. PMID 14620435.
- ^ Aughsteen AA, Almasad JK, Al-Muhtaseb MH (2000). "Fibroadenoma of the supernumerary breast of the axilla". Saudi Med J 21 (6): 587–9. PMID 11500714.
- ^ Laor T, Collins MH, Emery KH, Donnelly LF, Bove KE, Ballard ET (2004). "MRI appearance of accessory breast tissue: a diagnostic consideration for an axillary mass in a peripubertal or pubertal girl". AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 (6): 1779–81. PMID 15547228.
- ^ Emsen IM (2006). "Treatment with ultrasound-assisted liposuction of accessory axillary breast tissues". Aesthetic Plast Surg 30 (2): 251–2. doi:10.1007/s00266-005-0160-7. PMID 16547633.
- ^ "The Straight Dope: Did Anne Boleyn, wife of Henry VIII, have a sixth finger and a third breast?". Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
- ^ Grossl NA (2000). "Supernumerary breast tissue: historical perspectives and clinical features". South. Med. J. 93 (1): 29–32. PMID 10653061.
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