Alleles have identity by type (IBT) if they have the same phenotypic effect.
Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups; those that are identical by descent (IBD) because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation; and those that are non-identical by descent (NIBD) because they arose from separate mutations. NIBD is also known as identical by state (IBS). Parent-offspring pairs share 50% of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100% IBD.
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